Acid batteries

Influence of the carbon additive in negative active material (NAM) on a resource of the lead-acid batteries working in a partial state of charge mode is studied. Extreme character of dependence of speed of degradation NAM from the maintenance in it of carbon is confirmed. Perceptivity of introduction of the carbon additive in negative electrodes of the lead-acid batteries working at partial state of charge mode is demonstrated.

Electrochemical and corrosion behavior lead, lead-tin and lead-tin-calcium alloys doped with silver and barium was investigated. Composition and structure of passive layers were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy and X-ray analysis.

The paper treats effective formation of lead-acid batteries with pulse asymmetric current with the aid of a specially designed source of powerful pulses getting through a transformer from a 50 Hz alternating supply line. Our mode of formation with pulse asymmetric current provides a reduced gas release and low electrolyte heating. On the basis of the dependence of the electrolyte density on the first-cycle formation duration, a conclusion has been made of more effective formation of batteries being charged with pulse asymmetric current with frequencies of 25 and 50 Hz. The found linear dependence of the electrolyte density of a formed lead-acid battery on its discharging degree enables electrolyte density to be used as an objective estimation of the battery charging degree.

The capabilities of our designed charging device for charging of lead-acid batteries with sulfated plates by pulse asymmetric current were tested experimentally. The principle of the considered charging mode is based on alternation of short high-amplitude pulses of the charging current with discharging current pulses with their sequence frequency being multiple of the alternating current frequency in Russia (50 Hz). The designed device enables effective charging of lead-acid batteries with deeply sulfated plates, and is suitable for primary battery formation of lead-acid batteries and for restoration of the initial capacity of batteries in the process of their long-term exploitation.

The most important structural and physicomechanical properties of absorbent glass mat separators «Hollingswoth and Vose», «Bernard Dumas», «BMSK AT Nippon» intended for lead-acid battery (LAB) are studied. It is shown that on pore size distribution strong influence puts the enclosed pressure: at compression 50 kPa there is a considerable reduction of the size of a pore. However for the separation material «BMSK AT Nippon» the share of pores with radius from 5 to 10 microns is much higher, than for the separation materials «Hollingswoth and Vose» and «Bernard Dumas». Studying of process of oxygen absorption on negative an electrode in the LAB models showed that most effectively process of absorption of oxygen occurs in the LAB models to the separation material «BMSK AT Nippon».

Strategy of the accelerated mode of the charge, including constant current charge to 80 % state-of-charge and a pulse charge by asymmetric current to a full charge is offered. Results of the first investigation phase devoted to studying of influence of a mode constant current charge on a resource of lead-acid accumulators are presented in this work. Various influence of size of an initial charge current on degradation of positive and negative active materials and possibility of charge of the accumulator to 80 % state-of-charge for 0.5 h is demonstrated.

Electrochemical properties of Pb-Sn-Ca-Al-Ва alloys with the various content of barium are studied. It is established that the additive of barium reduces electrochemical activity of alloys at their cycling, and also reduces hydrogen and oxygen overvoltage.

Present article describes the method of operative diagnostics of available capacity of the lead-acid accumulator (battery) at 10 or 20-h discharge mode. This method is developed on the basis of mathematical model of process of the discharge of the lead-acid accumulator. This allows calculating the available capacity of the accumulator (battery) on the basis of measurement of function of a response to the set short-term test signal without necessity of carrying out the control discharge of the battery. Calculation of available capacity is carried out on the basis of the parameter which is responsible for discharge capacity of the accumulator (battery), a total electric charge of an active surface of a limiting electrode.

Strategy of the accelerated mode of the charge of the lead-acid batteries, including constant current charge to 80% state-of-charge and a pulse charge to 100% is considered. Influence of key parameters of a pulse charge (amplitude and duration of charge pulse, duration of a pause, the general duration of a pulse charge) on the efficiency of a charge and a heat-up of batteries are studied in this work.

Strategy of the accelerated mode of the charge of the lead-acid batteries, including constant current charge to 80% state-of-charge and a pulse charge to 100% is considered. Various modes one – and two-stage constant current charges are studied in this work, and the estimation of influence of these modes on effectiveness ratio of a charge and a heat-up of batteries is yielded. The data, which allows reasonably choose the mode of the first stage of the accelerated charge to 80% state-of-charge, are presented.