Подходы к созданию электродов на основе интеркаляционных соединений лития

Статья опубликована на условиях лицензии Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0).

DOI: https://doi.org/10.18500/1608-4039-2018-18-2-51-76

В обзоре изложены сведения о современных методах и подходах к получению твёрдых литий-аккумулирующих соединений разнообразных классов, их модифицированию с целью повышения свойств накопления ионов лития в структуре, ускорения кинетики обратимого внедрения лития, формирования электроактивных композитов на основе этих соединений и в дальнейшем формирования композитных электродных слоёв на металлической подложке с использованием этих композитов. Приводится сравнительный анализ литературных сведений, а также результатов, полученных самим автором.

Авторы:

Иванищев Александр Викторович, Саратовский национальный исследовательский государственный университет имени Н. Г. Чернышевского, 410012, г. Саратов, ул. Астраханская, 83, ivanischevav@inbox.ru

Ключевые слова:

литий-ионный аккумулятор, интеркаляционные соединения лития, катодные и анодные материалы, структура, морфология, гранулометрический состав, электрохимические характеристики

Литература

1. Guerard D., Herold A. Intercalation of lithium into graphite and other carbons // Carbon. 1975. Vol. 13. P. 337–345.

2. Basu S., Zeller C., Flanders P. J., Fuerst C. D., Johnson W. D., Fischer J. E. Synthesis and properties of lithium-graphite intercalation compounds // Mater. Sci. Eng. 1979. Vol. 38. P. 275–283.

3. Mizushima K., Jones P. C., Wiseman P. J., Goodenough J. B. Li_xCoO₂ (0 < x < 1): A New Cathode Material for Battaries of High Energy Density // Mater. Res. Bull. 1980. Vol. 15. P. 783–789.

4. Padhi A. K., Nanjundaswamy K. S., Goodenough J. B. Phospho-olivines as positive-electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries // J. Electrochem. Soc. 1997. Vol. 144. P. 1188–1194.

5. Padhi A. K., Nanjundaswamy K. S., Masquelier C., Goodenough J. B. Mapping of transition metal redox energies in phosphates with NASICON structure by lithium intercalation // J. Electrochem. Soc. 1997. Vol. 144. P. 2581–2586.

6. Fu P., Zhao Y., Dong Y., An X., Shen G. Synthesis of Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ with high performance by optimized solid-state synthesis routine // J. Power Sources. 2006. Vol. 162. P. 651–657.

7. Jiang T., Pan W., Wang J., Bie X., Dub F., Wei Y., Wang C., Chen G. Carbon coated Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ cathode material prepared by a PVA assisted sol-gel method // Electrochim. Acta. 2010. Vol. 55. P. 3864–3869.

8. Duan W., Hu Z., Zhang K., Cheng F., Tao Z., Chen J. Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C core-shell nanocomposite as a superior cathode material for lithium-ion batteries // Nanoscale. 2013. Vol. 5. P. 6485–6490.

9. Ko Y. N., Koo H. Y., Kim J. H., Yi J. H., Kang Y. C., Lee J. H. Characteristics of Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C powders prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis // J. Power Sources. 2011. Vol. 196. P. 6682–6687.

10. Wang C., Liu H., Yang W. An integrated core-shell structured Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C cathode material of LIBs prepared by a momentary freeze-drying method // J. Mater. Chem. 2012. Vol. 22. P. 5281–5285.

11. Chen Q., Zhang T., Qiao X., Lic D., Yang J. Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C nanofibers composite as a high performance cathode material for lithium-ion battery // J. Power Sources. 2013. Vol. 234. P. 197–200.

12. Wang L., Zhang L.-C., Lieberwirth I., , Chen C.-H. A Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C thin film with high rate capability as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries // Electrochem. Commun. 2010. Vol. 12. P. 52–55.

13. Chang C., Xiang J., Shi X., Han X., Yuan L., Sun J. Rheological phase reaction synthesis and electrochemical performance of Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃/carbon cathode for lithium ion batteries // Electrochim. Acta. 2008. Vol. 53. P. 2232–2237.

14. Li X., He W., Xiao Z., Peng F., Chen J. Ionothermal synthesis and rate performance studies of nanostructured Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C composites as cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries // J. Solid State Electr. 2013. Vol. 17. P. 1991–2000.

15. Ren M. M., Zhou Z., Gao X. P., Peng W. X., Wei J. P. Core-Shell Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C Composites as Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries // J. Phys. Chem. С. 2008. Vol. 112. P. 5689–5693.

16. Rui X. H., Li C., Chen C. H. Synthesis and characterization of carbon-coated Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ cathode materials with different carbon sources // Electrochim. Acta. 2009. Vol. 54. P. 3374–3380.

17. Chen Q., Wang J., Tang Z., He W., Shao H., Zhang J. Electrochemical performance of the carbon coated Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ cathode material synthesized by a sol-gel method // Electrochim. Acta. 2007. Vol. 52. P. 5251–5257.

18. Dahn J. R., Sleigh A. K., Shi H., Reimers J. N., Way B. M., Zhong Q., Von Sacken U. Carbons and Graphites as Substitutes for the Lithium Anode, in Lithium Batteries: New Materials, New Perspectives // Lithium batteries: new materials, developments, and perspectives / ed. by G. Pistoia. Elsevier, 1994. P. 147.

19. Tran T. D., Feikert J. H., Song X., Kinoshita K. Commercial Carbonaceous Materials as Lithium Intercalation Anodes // J. Electrochem. Soc. 1995. Vol. 142. P. 3297–3302.

20. Anani A., Crouch-Baker S., Huggins R. A. Kinetic and Thermodynamic Parameters of Several Binary Lithium Alloy Negative Electrode Materials at Ambient Temperature // J. Electrochem. Soc. 1987. Vol. 134. P. 3098–3102.

21. Winter M., Besenhard J. O. Electrochemical lithiation of tin and tin-based intermetallics and composites // Electrochim. Acta. 1999. Vol. 45. P. 31–50.

22. Idota Y., Kubota T., Matsufuji A., Maekawa Y., Miyasaka T. Tin-Based Amorphous Oxide: A High-Capacity Lithium-Ion-Storage Material // Science. 1997. Vol. 276. P. 1395–1397.

23. Sharma R. A., Seefurth R. N. Thermodynamic Properties of the Lithium-Silicon System // J. Electrochem. Soc. 1976. Vol. 123. P. 1763–1768.

24. Boukamp B. A., Lesh G. C., Huggins R. A. All-Solid Lithium Electrodes with Mixed-Conductor Matrix // J. Electrochem. Soc. 1981. Vol. 128. P. 725–729.

25. Julien C. M., Mauger A., Zaghib K., Groult H. Comparative Issues of Cathode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries // Inorganics. 2014. Vol. 2. P. 132–154.

26. Dahn J. R., Fuller E. W., Obrovac M., yon Sacken U. Thermal stability of Li_xCoO₂, Li_xNiO₂ and l-MnO₂ and consequences for the safety of Li-ion cells // Solid State Ionics. 1994. Vol. 69. P. 265–270.

27. Baba Y., Okada S., Yamaki J.-I. Thermal stability of Li_xCoO₂ cathode for lithium ion battery // Solid State Ionics. 2002. Vol. 148. P. 311–316.

28. MacNeil D. D., Dahn J. R. The Reaction of Charged Cathodes with Nonaqueous Solvents and Electrolytes I. Li_0.5CoO₂ // J. Electrochem. Soc. 2001. Vol. 148. P. A1205–A1210.

29. Bang H. J., Joachin H., Yang H., Amine K., Prakash J. Contribution of the Structural Changes of LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂ Cathodes on the Exothermic Reactions in Li-Ion Cells // J. Electrochem. Soc. 2006. Vol. 153. P. A731–A737.

30. Zaghib K., Dubé J., Dallaire A., Galoustov K., Guerfi A., Ramanathan M., Benmayza A., Prakash J., Mauger A., Julien C. M. Enhanced thermal safety and high power performance of carbon-coated LiFePO₄ olivine cathode for Li-ion batteries // J. Power Sources. 2012. Vol. 219. P. 36–44.

31. Doughty D., Roth E. P. A General Discussion of Li-Ion Battery Safety // The Electrochemical Society’s Interface. 2012. Vol. 21. P. 37–44.

32. Mizushima K., Jones P. C., Wiseman P. J., Goodenough J. B. Li_xCoO₂ (0 < x < 1): A New Cathode Material for Batteries of High Energy Density // Solid State Ionics. 1981. Vol. 3–4. P. 171–174.

33. Plichta E., Salomon M., Slane S., Uchiyama M., Chua D., Ebner W. B., Lin H. W. A rechargeable Li/Li_xCoO₂ Cell // J. Power Sources. 1987. Vol. 21. P. 25–31.

34. Antolini E. LiCoO₂: formation, structure, lithium and oxygen nonstoichiometry, electrochemical behaviour and transport properties // Solid State Ionics. 2004. Vol. 170. P. 159–171.

35. Peng Z. S., Wan C. R., Jiang C. Y. Synthesis by sol-gel process and characterization of LiCoO₂ cathode materials // J. Power Sources. 1998. Vol. 72. P. 215–220.

36. Yang W.-D., Hsieh C.-Y., Chuang H.-J., Chen Y.-S. Preparation and characterization of nanometric-sized LiCoO₂ cathode materials for lithium batteries by a novel sol-gel method // Ceram. Int. 2010. Vol. 36. P. 135–140.

37. Porthault H., Le Cras F., Franger S. Synthesis of LiCoO₂ thin films by sol-gel process // J. Power Sources. 2010. Vol. 195. P. 6262–6267.

38. Jeong E.-D., Won M.-S., Shim Y.-B. Cathodic properties of a lithium-ion secondary battery using LiCoO₂ prepared by a complex formation reaction // J. Power Sources. 1998. Vol. 70. P. 70–77.

39. Li Y., Wan C., Wu Y., Jiang C., Zhu Y. Synthesis and characterization of ultrafine LiCoO₂ powders by a spray-drying method // J. Power Sources. 2000. Vol. 85. P. 294–298.

40. Santiago E. I., Andrade A. V. C., Paiva-Santosc C. O., Bulhões L. O. S. Structural and electrochemical properties of LiCoO₂ prepared by combustion synthesis // Solid State Ionics. 2003. Vol. 158. P. 91–102.

41. Larcher D., Palacín M. R., Amatucci G. G., Tarascon J.-M. Electrochemically Active LiCoO₂ and LiNiO₂ Made by Cationic Exchange under Hydrothermal Conditions // J. Electrochem. Soc. 1997. Vol. 144. P. 408–417.

42. Adschiri T., Hakuta Y., Arai K. Hydrothermal Synthesis of Metal Oxide Fine Particles at Supercritical Conditions // Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2000. Vol. 39. P. 4901–4907.

43. Shin Y. H., Koo S.-M, Kim D. S., Lee Y.-H., Veriansyah B., Kim J., Lee Y.-W. Continuous hydrothermal synthesis of HT-LiCoO₂ in supercritical water // J. Supercrit. Fluid. 2009. Vol. 50. P. 250–256.

44. Obrovac M. N., Mao O., Dahn J. R. Structure and electrochemistry of LiMO₂ (M=Ti, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) prepared by mechanochemical synthesis // Solid State Ionics. 1998. Vol. 112. P. 9–19.

45. Yan H., Huang X., Lu Z., Huang H., Xue R., Chen L. Microwave synthesis of LiCoO₂ cathode materials // J. Power Sources. 1997. Vol. 68. P. 530–532.

46. Ogihara T., Kodera T., Myoujin K., Motohira S. Preparation and electrochemical properties of cathode materials for lithium ion battery by aerosol process // Mater. Sci. Eng. B. 2009. Vol. 161. P. 109–114.

47. Chung S.-Y., Bloking J. T., Chiang Y.-M. Electronically conductive phospho-olivines as lithium storage electrodes // Nat. Mater. 2002. Vol. 1. P. 123–128.

48. Park K. S., Son J. T., Chung H. T., Kim S. J., Lee C. H., Kang K. T., Kim H. G. Surface modification by silver coating for improving electrochemical properties of LiFePO₄ // Solid State Commun. 2004. Vol. 129. P. 311–314.

49. Konarova M., Taniguchi I. Preparation of carbon coated LiFePO₄ by a combination of spray pyrolysis with planetary ball-milling followed by heat treatment and their electrochemical properties // Powder Technol. 2009. Vol. 191. P. 111–116.

50. Zaghib K., Ravet N., Gauthier M., Gendron F., Mauger A., Goodenough J. B., Julien C. M. Optimized electrochemical performance of LiFePO₄ at 60°C with purity controlled by SQUID magnetometry // J. Power Sources. 2006. Vol. 163. P. 560–566.

51. Kim C. W., Park J. S., Lee K. S. Effect of Fe₂P on the electron conductivity and electrochemical performance of LiFePO₄ synthesized by mechanical alloying using Fe³⁺ raw material // J. Power Sources. 2006. Vol. 163. P. 144–150.

52. Kim J.-K., Choi J.-W., Chauhan G. S., , Hwang G.-C., Choi J.-B., Ahn H.-J. Enhancement of electrochemical performance of lithium iron phosphate by controlled sol-gel synthesis // Electrochim. Acta. 2008. Vol. 53. P. 8258–8264.

53. Wang K., Cai R., Yuan T., Yu X., Ran R., Shao Z. Process investigation, electrochemical characterization and optimization of LiFePO₄/C composite from mechanical activation using sucrose as carbon source // Electrochim. Acta. 2009. Vol. 54. P. 2861–2868.

54. Gao X., Hu G., Peng Z., Du K. LiFePO₄ cathode power with high energy density synthesized by water quenching treatment // Electrochim. Acta. 2009. Vol. 54. P. 4777–4782.

55. Yu F., Zhang J., Yang Y., Song G. Reaction mechanism and electrochemical performance of LiFePO₄/C cathode materials synthesized by carbothermal method // Electrochim. Acta. 2009. Vol. 54. P. 7389–7395.

56. Liu H.-P., Wang Z.-X., Li X.-H., Guo H.-J., Peng W.-J., Zhang Y.-H., Hu Q.-Y. Reaction mechanism and electrochemical performance of LiFePO₄/C cathode materials synthesized by carbothermal method // Electrochim. Acta. 2009. Vol. 54. P. 7389–7395.

57. Kadoma Y., Kim J.-M., Abiko K., Ohtsuki K., Ui K., Kumagai N. Optimization of electrochemical properties of LiFePO₄/C prepared by an aqueous solution method using sucrose // Electrochim. Acta. 2010. Vol. 55. P. 1034–1041.

58. Pei B., Wang Q., Zhang W., Yang Z., Chen M. Enhanced performance of LiFePO₄ through hydrothermal synthesis coupled with carbon coating and cupric ion doping // Electrochim. Acta. 2011. Vol. 56. P. 5667–5672.

59. Liu Y., Cao C. Enhanced electrochemical performance of nano-sized LiFePO₄/C synthesized by an ultrasonic-assisted co-precipitation method // Electrochim. Acta. 2010. Vol. 55. P. 4694–4699.

60. Huang B., Zheng X., Fan X., Song G., Lu M. Enhanced rate performance of nano–micro structured LiFePO₄/C by improved process for high-power Li-ion batteries // Electrochim. Acta. 2011. Vol. 56. P. 4865–4868.

61. Zhang D., Cai R., Zhou Y., Shao Z., Liao X.-Z., Ma Z.-F. Effect of milling method and time on the properties and electrochemical performance of LiFePO₄/C composites prepared by ball milling and thermal treatment // Electrochim. Acta. 2010. Vol. 55. P. 2653–2661.

62. Cheng F., Wan W., Tan Z., Huang Y., Zhou H., Chen J., Zhang X. High power performance of nano-LiFePO₄/C cathode material synthesized via lauric acid-

assisted solid-state reaction // Electrochim. Acta. 2011. Vol. 56. P. 2999–3005.

63. Wang Y., Sun B., Park J.-S., Kim W.-S., Kim H.-S., Wang G. Morphology control and electrochemical properties of nanosize LiFePO₄ cathode material synthesized by co-precipitation combined with in situ polymerization // J. Alloy. Compd. 2011. Vol. 509. P. 1040–1044.

64. Yang L., Liang G., Wang L., Zhi X., Ou X. Effect of consumption amount of lithium salt on the properties of LiFePO₄/C cathode materials // J. Alloy. Compd. 2010. Vol. 496. P. 376–379.

65. Wang M., Xue Y., Zhang K., Zhang Y. Synthesis of FePO₄⋅2H₂O nanoplates and their usage for fabricating superior high-rate performance LiFePO₄ // Electrochim. Acta. 2011. Vol. 56. P. 4294–4298.

66. Liu Y., Cao C., Li J. Enhanced electrochemical performance of carbon nanospheres – LiFePO₄ composite by PEG based sol-gel synthesis // Electrochim. Acta. 2010. Vol. 55. P. 3921–3926.

67. Zhang Y., Feng H., Wu X., Wang L., Zhang A., Xia T., Dong H., Liu M. One-step microwave synthesis and characterization of carbon-modified nanocrystalline LiFePO₄ // Electrochim. Acta. 2009. Vol. 54. P. 3206–3210.

68. Myung S.-T., Komaba S., Hirosaki N., Yashiro H., Kumagai N. Emulsion drying synthesis of olivine LiFePO₄/C composite and its electrochemical properties as lithium intercalation material // Electrochim. Acta. 2004. Vol. 49. P. 4213–4222.

69. Waser O., Buchel R., Hintennach A., Novak P., Pratsinis S. E. Continuous flame aerosol synthesis of carbon-coated nano-LiFePO₄ for Li-ion batteries // J. Aerosol. Sci. 2011. Vol. 42. P. 657–667.

70. Bai Y.-M., Qiu P., Wen Z.-L., Han S.-C. Improvement of electrochemical performances of LiFePO₄ cathode materials by coating of polythiophene // J. Alloy. Compd. 2010. Vol. 508. P. 1–4.

71. Yang G., Zhang X., Liu J., He X., Wang J., Xie H., Wang R. Synthesis of LiFePO₄/polyacenes using iron oxyhydroxide as an iron source // J. Power Sources. 2010. Vol. 195. P. 1211–1215.

72. Nien Y.-H., Carey J. R., Chen J.-S. Physical and electrochemical properties of LiFePO₄/C composite cathode prepared from various polymer-containing precursors // J. Power Sources. 2009. Vol. 193. P. 822–827.

73. Zhao B., Jiang Y., Zhang H., Tao H., Zhong M., Jiao Z. Morphology and electrical properties of carbon coated LiFePO₄ cathode materials // J. Power Sources. 2009. Vol. 189. P. 462–466.

74. Zhao X., Tang X., Zhang L., Zhao M., Zhai J. Effects of neodymium aliovalent substitution on the structure and electrochemical performance of LiFePO₄ // Electrochim. Acta. 2010. Vol. 55. P. 5899–5904.

75. Armand M., Tarascon J.-M. Building better batteries // Nature. 2008. Vol. 451. P. 652–657.

76. Inagaki M., Kaneko K., Nishizawa T. Nanocarbons – recent research in Japan // Carbon. 2004. Vol. 42. P. 1401–1417.

77. Inaba M., Yoshida H., Ogumi Z. In situ Roman Study of Electrochemical Lithium Insertion into Mesocarbon Microbeads Heat-Treated at Various Temperatures // J. Electrochem. Soc. 1996. Vol. 143. P. 2572–2578.

78. Kavan L., Grätzel M., Rathouský J., Zukalb A. Nanocrystalline TiO₂ (Anatase) Electrodes: Surface Morphology, Adsorption, and Electrochemical Properties // J. Electrochem. Soc. 1996. Vol. 143. P. 394–400.

79. Wagemaker M., Borghols W. J. H., Mulder F. M. Large Impact of Particle Size on Insertion Reactions. A Case for Anatase Li_xTiO₂ // J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 2007. Vol. 129. P. 4323–4327.

80. Ortiz G. F., Hanzu I., Lavela P., Tirado J. L., Knauth P., Djenizian T. A novel architectured negative electrode based on titania nanotube and iron oxide nanowire composites for Li-ion microbatteries // J. Mater. Chem. 2010. Vol. 20. P. 4041–4046.

81. Wen C. J., Huggins R. A. Chemical diffusion in intermediate phases in the lithium-tin system // J. Solid State Chem. 1980. Vol. 35. P. 376–384.

82. Wang J., Raistrick I. D., Huggins R. A. Behavior of Some Binary Lithium Alloys as Negative Electrodes in Organic Solvent-Based Electrolytes // J. Electrochem. Soc. 1986. Vol. 133. 457–460.

83. Nacimiento F., Alcántara R., Tirado J. L. Cobalt and tin oxalates and PAN mixture as a new electrode material for lithium ion batteries // J. Electroanal. Chem. 2010. Vol. 642. P. 143–149.

84. Whitehead A. H., Elliott J. M., Owen J. R., Attard G. S. Electrodeposition of mesoporous tin films // Chem. Commun. 1999. Vol. 0. P. 331–332.

85. Uchida I., Sato H. Preparation of Binder-Free, Thin Film LiCoO₂ and Its Electrochemical Responses in a Propylene Carbonate Solution // J. Electrochem. Soc. 1995. Vol. 142. P. L139–L141.

86. Guo Q., Subramanian V. R., Weidner J. W., White R. E. Estimation of Diffusion Coefficient of Lithium in Carbon Using AC Impedance Technique // J. Electrochem. Soc. 2002. Vol. 149. P. A307–A318.

87. Волгин М. А., Чуриков А. В., Коноплянцева Н. А., Гридина Н. А., Львов А. Л. Электрохимическая интеркаляция лития в тонкие слои пироуглерода // Электрохимия. 1998. Т. 34, № 7. С. 761–767.

88. Фиалков А. С. Углерод, межслоевые соединения и композиты на его основе. М.: Аспект Пресс, 1997. 718 с.

89. Фиалков А. С. Формирование структуры и свойств углеграфитовых материалов. М.: Металлургия, 1965. 288 с.

90. Baker R. T., Harris P. S. The formation of filamentous carbon // Chemistry and physics of carbon / ed. P. L. Walker. New York; Basel: M. Dekker Inc., 1978. Vol. 5. P. 83–165.

91. Granqvist C. G. Electrochromic tungsten oxide films: Review of progress 1993–1998 // Sol. Energ. Mat. Sol. С. 2000. Vol. 60. P. 201–262.

92. Cantalini C., Sun H. T., Faccio M., Pelino M., Santucci S., Lozzi L., Passacantando M. NO₂ sensitivity of WO₃ thin film obtained by high vacuum thermal evaporation // Sensor. Actuat. B-Chem. 1996. Vol. 31. P. 81–87.

93. Nanba T., Takahashi T., Takada J., Osaka A., Miura Y., Yasui I., Kishimoto A., Kudo T. Characterization of amorphous tungsten trioxide thin films prepared by RF magnetron sputtering method // J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 1994. Vol. 178. P. 233–237.

94. Meulenkamp E. A. Mechanism of WO₃ Electrodeposition from Peroxy-Tungstate Solution // J. Electrochem. Soc. 1997. Vol. 144. P. 1664–1671.

95. Алешина Л. А., Глазкова С. В., Луговская Л. А., Малиненко В. П., Фофанов А. Д. Воздействие циклического переключения напряжения на структуру аморфного анодного WO₃ // Электрохимия. 1998. Т. 34, №. 9. С. 988–994.

96. Модестов А. Д., Чешко А. Д., Давыдов А. Д. Исследование анодного поведения вольфрама в метансулъфоновой кислоте методами вольтамперометрии, электрохмического импеданса и фотоэлектрохимии // Электрохимия. 1998. Т. 34. С. 1468–1475.

97. Biaggio S. R., Rocha-Filho R. C., Vilche J. R., Varela F. E., Gassa L. M. A study of thin anodic WO₃ films by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy // Electrochim. Acta. 1997. Vol. 42. P. 1751–1758.

98. Goossens A., Macdonald D. D. A photoelectrochemical impedance spectroscopic study of passive tungsten // J. Electroanal. Chem. 1993. Vol. 352. P. 65–81.

99. Kim J.-D., Pyun S.-I., Oriani R. A. Effects of applied current density and potential step on the stress generation during anodic oxidation of tungsten in 0.1 M H₂SO₄ solution // Electrochim. Acta. 1995. Vol. 40. P. 1171–1176.

100. Davazoglou D., Donnadieu A. Optical oscillator strengths and quantum mechanics matrix elements of WO₃ polycrystalline thin films // J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 1994. Vol. 169. P. 64–71.

101. Davazoglou D., Moutsakis A., Valamontes V., Psycharis V., Tsamakis D. Tungsten Oxide Thin Films Chemically Vapor Deposited at Low Pressure by W(CO)₆ Pyrolysis // J. Electrochem. Soc. 1997. Vol. 144. P. 595–599.

102. Arakaki J., Reyes R., Horn M., Estrada W. Electrochromism in NiO_x and WO_x obtained by spray pyrolysis // Sol. Energ. Mat. Sol. С. 1995. Vol. 37. P. 33–41.

103. Kim D.-J., Pyun S.-I. Hydrogen transport through anodic WO₃ films // Electrochim. Acta. 1998. Vol. 43. P. 2341–2347.

104. Macdonald D. D., Sikora E., Sikora J. The kinetics of growth of the passive film on tungsten in acidic phosphate solutions // Electrochim. Acta. 1998. Vol. 43. P. 2851–2861.

105. Baruffaldi C., Cattarin S., Musiani M. Deposition of non-stoichiometric tungsten oxides + MO₂ composites (M=Ru or Ir) and study of their catalytic properties in hydrogen or oxygen evolution reactions // Electrochim. Acta. 2003. Vol. 48. P. 3921–3927.

106. Sikora J., Sikora E., Macdonald D. D. The electronic structure of the passive film on tungsten // Electrochim. Acta. 2000. Vol. 45. P. 1875–1883.

107. Timofeeva E. V., Tsirlina G. A., Petrii O. A. Formation of Rechargeable Films on Platinum in Sulfuric Acid Solutions of Isopolytungstates // Russ. J. Electrochem. 2003. Vol. 39. P. 795–806.

108. Грилихес С. Я., Тихонов К. И. Электролитические и химические покрытия. Л.: Химия, 1990. 288 c.

109. Бокштейн Б. С. Диффузия в металлах. М.: Металлургия, 1978. 248 с.

110. Жесть. Технические условия. ГОСТ 13345-85. М.: Стандартинформ, 1987. 10 с.

Журнал:

2018. Т. 18, № 2,

Рубрика:

Литиевые электрохимические системы

Текст в формате PDF:

скачать

(downloads: 695)